Background

The transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) represents an important neuromodulation technique that directly targets the Vagus Nerve by applying a low-intensity electric current to specific areas of the ear's skin. Despite its potential, there are several limitations to the diffusion of taVNS in clinical practice: the instability and discomfort associated with electrode placement at the ear level often lead to interruption of stimulation sessions. This drawback restricts the use of the stimulator primarily to stationary activities; the lack of treatment personalization, in terms of stimulation parameters and performance modality; the daily treatment time results lengthened, both due to the precarious positioning of the electrodes and a non-optimal stimulation mode.